Early prehistoric background references to the history of the near east & central Asia
In the whole Eurasian steppes can be found a new foreign
element coming from the south west bringing a higher culture. This new
race/nation brought with it animal husbandry and agriculture. They also brought
he use of metals and bronze to the Cro-Magnon type local inhabitants.
[Sumir-Hurri-Elamite newcomers]
/A. Randa, Handbuch der
Weltheschichte./
They also brought with them the basis of the so called Scythian Art, which is based on the art and mythology of the aboriginals of Elam (Luristan) and Hurrian (Van kingdom). Hurrians were famous for the fact that their art and religion reproduced the much earlier Sumerian one, as though they were a late rebirth of this once great people from the south.
5500 BC - 2455 BC Sumerian culture.
The first cities, literature, written laws, astronomical calculations,
schools, pyramids, etc. The Sumerians spoke a Ural-Altaic like language which in
vocabulary and grammar shows many similarities to modern Ural-Altaians. Racially
they were also unlike their Semitic neighbors.
3800-3200 BC Uruk Period of Sumir history
I.e.3800-3200 Urukkorszak, Szumír
műveltség.
2470-2326 Accadian Semitic period in Mesopotamia
The
records are filled with complaints from the Sumir inhabitants many of whom
probably sought refuge amongst their earlier colonies in Central Asia and other
areas as well. Every new Accad king's reign involved the putting down of new
revolts.
2326-2256 Guti-Elamite rule in Mesopotamia
The
Elamite language is also -like Sumerian- related to the early Ural-Altaic
languages in structure and vocabulary. A few early linguists had claimed that it
had special affinity to Finno_Ugrian and Hungarian.
/ A. J. Booth , "The
Trilingual Inscriptions", New York 92 /
The Sumerians are able to reestablish their rule and shake of the Guti-Elamite rule and Accadian rule for a time. However large scale influx of Amorite herdsmen create conflicts and destruction just as the occasional attacks of the Elamites.
ca 2000 BC Linguists estimate the time at which Hungarian broke away from the neighboring Ural-Altaic & Finn-Ugor language family to become an independent language. This is based on the many differences which occur in pronunciation between Hungarian and other Finno_Ugrian languages. Naturally the location where this occurred is highly speculative and unfortunately also very politically biased.
1930-1733 BC. The Amorite dynasty of Hamurabi (Semitic
people)
1860-1492 BC The southern Mesopotamian Elamite Kingdom (non Semitic people)
1733-1163BC Kasite Empire (of Elamite -eastern origin, speaking a similar Elamite like tongue)
2000 BC Egyptian geographic references
call
northern Mesopotamia which later becomes Subartu and Assyria by the designation
of Magar. Remnants of this name/people in the Caucasus Mountain kingdoms
lasts well into the Middle Ages. The Turanian inhabitants of the area are the
Hurrians and Urartuans, who also create colonies in the central Asian Aral Sea
region that is later known as Khwarezmia. "HURRI -land". The Hurrian and
Urartuan language is also a non-Semitic, non-Indo European language like
Ural-Altaic. It also has some small common vocabulary with Hungarian and
Georgian. /See Wallace Budge, An Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Dover
/
The Magyar name is fund in the Caucasus Mountain area for well over 2,000 years before the Central European resettlement. Naturally not in modern Hungarian spelling, especially since the Hungarian "gy" sound is unique and can only be approximated in other languages. Macar, Mazar, Madar are the most common early spellings of the name./ Viktor Padanyi, "Dentu Magaria", Buenos Aires/.
Even today one can find remnants of the Macur, Macar town names... along the Perbart- Askhaleh - Erzrumi road which was in ruins by the 6th century according to Bal'ami and Ibn -al-Athir and such Byzanteen writers as Theophylactus Simocata and Procopius. A fort by the name of Madar is also mentioned by the Arab writers from 739. Xenophon writes of the country of the Scythian Makar (Macron), in the 4th century BC. A Magariz town and Supri (Sabir) town are mentioned at the source of the Tigris and Euphrates area on the tablets of Asur-nazir-apli as well as the Khurki Monolith from 877BC. Ptolemi in the same area mentions a Mazara and Siavara (Sabir) cities six hundred years later. From this area 200Km to the east there is also a Madara urumi capital city in Urartu. This with four rings of walls surounding it. This area also has a Magarda river. Herodotus (500BC) mentions that in region there are a Matsien and Sapir people. Herodotus also mentions that south of the Rion River in the S.E. corner of the Black Sea there is a province called Magiya which belonged to the Armenian Satrapy. Cyrus the king of Persia has a general called Mazar who he appoints later to be governor of Sardes. The northern branch of the Euphrates river has a tributaries known as Karaso and Oltu river (also in Transylvania Koros and Olt) Here there is also a Madur Dagh mountain.
Armenian references Insidsian, Orbeli, Mezopei also talk of the Madsars. Mezopei: "The son of Liberit Darzaidsch offered grapes to the cloister of Calako in the valley of the Madsars. Orbeli: "In the town of the Madsars from only a single house ten people were carried away to slavery."
Therefore references from Herodotus, Xenophon, Strabo, Cicero, Ptolemeus, Plinius, Prokopius, Theophanes Jordanedes, Priscos Rhetor, Zakarias Rthetor all mentioned the Sabirs and or Magyars in the Caucasus Mountains and later next to the northern Black Sea. Many of these references will be subsequently mentioned. It should also be mentioned that the Ugor and Onogur term associated also with the Hungarians (ugor, onogur>>Hungarian) also comes from the Caucasus Mountains first.
ca 1766 BC China
According to traditions which were
eventually recorded, the old Chinese Hia dynastie's 17th member, Kia was removed
from his throne due to his evil ways. The son of the emperor, Sunni returned
with 500 members of his Hia nationality to his relatives the Hun. There are
still Hia in China, whose language still has many common words with Hungarian.
These may simply be common words within the Altaic languages that are
also
common with Hungarian and therefore should not be treated as a direct
link.
1000 BC Assyr Empire in Northern Mesopotamia grows to encompass much of the Near East and at times Egypt. The Assyr Empire is founded by Tiglapilasser.
c. 1100 BC The legends of turan, recorded by the Persian
Ferdusi in his book of kings "Shaname"
The book talks of Afrasiab, the king
of Turan [Also a Uygur dynasty] who is the ancestor of the Ephtalite (White)
Huns.
F. Altheim "Das Alte Iran" writes that the Iranian Avesta's most archaic texts, the Gathas are still not understood by today's linguists. R. Stiehlel "Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum" writes in his book about the language of the old Avesta, and it becomes quite obvious that this language is closely tied to the ancient Altaic languages also. It is not surprising that this is the case since the newcomers to Iran settled over the older settled inhabitants from which it borrowed much and who are often associated with the Scythians, Turks and Finno_Ugrians in language. Many of these local people were Iranianized over time and as a consequence today we call certain Scythian nations also Iraninan in origin. Much of the early Persian literature found in Persepolis is not written in Iranian but in the language of the aboriginals speaking an Elamite language which up till the last century was also called Scythian.
Persepolis, Persia
In Persia on the walls of the royal
palace of Persepolis are mentioned the following neighboring and subject peoples
of the Empire. "Armenians, Cappadocians, Sapard [Sabir], Hun, .. as neighboring
people. The text is "Darius Hystapes rex popularum bonorum posui. Hi adorationem
igni mihi attulere: Choana, Media, Babilon, Asyria, Guthrata, Armenia,
Cappadocia, Sapardia, Hunae."
484-425BC Herodotus
The Histories written by
Herodotus were among the earliest mention of many nations which did not have a
written history. It is also the first book which covers much of the known world
at the time. One of his histories talk of the Persian king Cyrus and his war
against the Greeks in the middle of the 6th century BC. This account mentions
the people called the Makrons several times who lived next to Colchis and
Cappadocia and also served as soldiers in the Persian army. There are many other
subsequent references to them as Makar, Makron etc.
3rd century BC
The earliest occurrence of the
Parthian name in the form of Aparnoi or Parnoi in Turan. According to the
Armenian historians who served the Armenian dynasty of Parthian origin, the
Parthian Arsac who founded the dynasty was of white Hun (Ephtalite) origin .
c 300BC The Caucasian Makar/Makron
A Greek military
expedition against the Persians led by Xenophon crossed the mountains near
Armenia.
They wanted to cross the lands of the Scythians to get to the Black
Sea ports, however the people of the land
known as the Makrons stopped them
on their border. They were ready to defend their country against the foreign
army. One of Xenophon's soldiers understood their language, because he came from
this area and was able to convince them that their intentions were simply to get
home. After this the Makrons helped to escort them to their destination in a
friendly manner. It took them three days march to cross their country. A memory
of these people survives in the name of a nearby mountain called Makur
Dagh.
230 BC The Parthian Arsac
The Persian king Selecud
wins a battle against the Parthian Arsac, who retreats amongst the Aspasiac
Scythians, near the Aral Sea. With their aid he reconquers his
empire.
Strabo
The Massa-Geta, [meaning hero-tribe] who also live
in Balk are Kush. [Not Iranians!!] According to the Armenians Baktria is the
land of the Kush and Balkh is its capital city, where the great Arsac set up his
throne. The Parthian Scythians became the Persian and Armenian kings from which
even the Byzanteens received capable rulers. In Armenia the Arsac dynasty ruled
for about 600 years. On the column of Nisbi is engraved the following notice by
Sebeos Herakleus. " During
the 11th year of rule of Antiochus the Partheans shook of the yoke of the
Macedonians and the Ephtalite [white Hun] king's son became their new ruler. All
the nations of Eastern and Northern Asia soon accepted his rule. King Arsac had
four sons. One of them received the land of the Ephtalites, the second the land
of the Hindus, the third the land of the Parthians, the fourth the Armenians."
The term ARSAK in Hungarian is ORSAG, which in modern Hungarian is URSAG
meaning "LORD-SHIP/KINGSHIP", its older form ORSZAG today means "Kingdom,
Realm, Country", this same word is found in Sumerian as KHURSAG & URUSAG.
The term is not Iranian.
215BC Armenian Patriarch
John
"The Sievortik people received their
name from their ancestor Siev and their nation." In the province of
Udi,
which today is called Otene the people originate from Kush the son of
Ham, who are also known as Siev.
In this area is found the ancient city of
Hunora-certa [certa=foundation in Armenian] . In this region during the Middle
Ages there was also a province called Madjar Agadzor where Hungarians lived. The
New Arab Encyclopedia calls these people who once lived here the ancestors of
the Hungarians, who at one time were famous weapon smiths [Mecher=swordsmith]
for the Persian kings. Similar to this region the mythical founder of Chorezmia
next to the Aral Sea was also similarly named Siev-us.
2nd century BC sees a rise of the Hun Empire's puts pressure on the
territory of Iran dislodging many Scythian nations who were also pushed west,
including the Saka-Uraka whose kings' title was Makar.
1st Century BC Sakauraka tribe
Two medallions are found in India
originating from the displaced Sakauraka tribe from Central Asia. The
inscription of one of the medallions states:
1. "Turannountos Eraoy 2.Saka
Kaganoi"
The second medalion states
"1. Yrkodoy Makaroy while side two
is S.K. Ur "
If we tie this fact to the reference made by Greek writers to
the Sakauraka, which stated that their name "Sakauraka" means "Lord of the Saka,
which in Hungarian would be pronounced "Saka Urak" also, while the term "Yrkodoy
Makaroy" is nothing but "Ruling Makar" (Urkodo Magyar in modern Hungarian). The
term "Saka Kaganoi" is again one of the earliest references to the "Kagan" term
commonly used by the Altaic nations for their emperors. The Hungarian "Magyar"
term originally was only used in reference to
the clan of the royal
family.
130 BC Baktria
The Asi (Yazig) and Pasiani (Petchegen/Besenyo) and the
Tocharian tribes break into Sogdiana and Baktria. The Sabir (Sabarol) tribe is
also allied with them. In the next five years two Parthian emperor loose their
lives in the wars against these mounted nomads. (Phraates 129BC, Artaban II
124BC, ..)
[Altheim: Weltgeschichte Asiens]
Later the Sakauraka tribe is
also conquered by them. Both the Yas and Besenyo became an ethnic element of the
Hungarian nations after their settlement in Hungary. The Besenyo maintained
their hereditary symbolic ruler till the beginning of this century, the BEK.
127 BC Chinese records about the Kushan exodus
The Chinese record
that the "Great Yüe Chi " tribes left their homelands in Kansu and moved to
Western Turkestan. They had seven tribes which were lead by the Kushan tribe.
(Possible connection to the Hungarian Kasi tribe) They were to later found the
great Indo-Scythian empire of North India and Central Asia. Their rulers were
called the Gula/Jula term common among Hungarians, Avars, Khazars and certain
Hun tribes.
23-79 AD Plinius
"Indum accolunt MEGARI, .. URI, ABAORTA,
OSI" talks of the Magars, Avars ?, and Yazig.
95 AD
Chinese military expedition lead by PanChao reaches as far
west as the Caspian Sea in their mad drive to conquer the Huns. After the return
home of this great military leader PanChao dies within a year. The western
provinces all revolted against China and the power vacuum created was again
filled by Hun rule.
139 AD Ptolemaus Claudius geographer writes of the Huns next to the Dnyper
in Eastern Europe calling them Khuni and Suni. (note Khuni is the clan/national
designation while Suni is probably from Senyu, their
ruler).
150 AD Ptolemi
The central Asian Magyars are
mentioned living next to Parthia. "Quae autem juxta Parthiam et Caramaniam
desertam Mazorani tenent." Other ancient maps show the south eastern
shores of the Caspian Sea a nation called the Maxera and a similarly
named river. This was probably their eastern most outposts.
214 AD Choronei Mozes, "The history of Armenia"
Talks of the Huns,
Chasi, and Makar/Magyar near the Sarmatian Scythians. Perhaps this is the
earliest
settlements of the Hungarians near Baskiria, who are also called
Mozeryan (ie Magyar) by the Russians and who were the last nation to have a
Sarmatian tribe. Herodotus also has the Royal Scythians next to the Sarmatians..
but the Sar-mata term can simply mean royal-lands.
" Sarmatai pars altera
orientalibus Sarmatae finibus, Riphaeio monte, Tanai flume, Maeotide palude a
Sarmata prima distinguitur, atque inde per Caucasos montes propter Iberian,
Albanian versus Caspium Mare partient. hae autem gentes plurimae Sarmatiam
alteran incolunt: Chasi (Kasi), Basili, Hunni,
Guda-Makari,
214 AD Choronei Mozes
During the rule of the Parthian Valarsac
(194-214AD) the Khazars and Barsil's combined armies under their king Surhab
Venasep broke through the TZUR gates and crossed the Cyrus River to invade
Armenia. These Valarsac defeated with his specially selected armies in some very
bloody battles. The Khazars at this time lived east of the river Volga and the
eastern parts of the Caspian Sea before the 5th century. The Huns also capture
the city of Balk and made it their capital. The Armenians called Balk, Kush and
the Greeks called it Hunuk as a result of this.
200 AD Dionisus Periegetes talks of the Huns living next to the
Caspian Sea.
226 Persia. The Iranians defeat their Parthian rulers, although much
of Northern Iran (Chorasan and Merv) remain under White Hun rule until 550 AD.
Eastern Iran remains under the Parthian Surena rule while Armenia for 500 years
remains under a Parthian dynasty. The Persians rule Fars, Susiana, Mesopotamia
and parts of Media. Northern and Eastern Iran is under Hun rule and Persia often
pays tribute to them.
350 AD The Huns engulf Baktria and Eastern Iran and Afghanistan. The
white Hun Ephta tribe is the ruling tribe (Greek Ephta, Chinese Yetha). The
Persian Bukhani Kate dictionary states the meaning of Haital to mean "big,
powerful" in the dialect of Bukhara, which in Hungarian is also "Hatal-mas". The
MAS suffix is an archaic Ural-Altlaic-Dravidian-Sumir term for "hero/brave". The
Iranian linguists believe this simply means "big".
352 AD Chronicle of Derbent (Caucasus)
"70 years before the birth of
Mohamed (352AD), the uncountable people of the Magors apeared, who came from the
area north [north-west] of Tibet and descended on the plains of Astrakan, here
they split into two branches, one of which went north east to live along the
river Volga (Magna Hungaria of old maps or more properly Baskiria). The other
branch went further west and also founded the city of Madjar [in the Cuban
between the Caspian and Black Sea]. " It should however be mentioned that the
Madar, Mazar and Makar variations of this name appear for a very long period
before this in the Caucasus Mountains, the route by which these eastern Magars
supposedly came. However the Saka-Uraka Scythians, whose kings were
called
Makar did indeed come from the area described by this chroniclers..
these can be viewed as the most eastern component of the so called
Makar/Magar/Magyar designation. These people were not Huns, not Turkic and not
even Altaic in origin. However the Hun tidal wave caught up with them anyways
and they were engulfed in their new empires. The Caucasian Magyars name is
recorded by the Byzanteen Emperor as Subartu Asfalu.
352 AD
372AD Europe
Under the leadership of Balimir their king, the Huns
push toward the west and defeat the Alans. They absorbed a portion of their
nation. The Hungarian legend of the miraculous hind claims the Alan/Hun/Magyar
mixing in the form of kidnapping of the Alan women occurred next to the Sea of
Meotis, which is believed by some historians to be the Aral or Caspian
Sea.
374 The Huns conquer the eastern kingdom of the Ostrogoths and take
away the territory of the Visigoths, which they had not ruled for a long time.
This was in the area of today's Ukraine.
378 AD A Scythian general in the Eastern Roman Empire who is from the
Saka-uraka tribe "Royal Scythians" is also called Modar-(es). [remember the
Makar title of the Saka Uraka rulers.]
404AD The Hun ruler Uldin helps the Roman general Honorius against
the Ostrogoths.
409 The Huns occupy the area of
Bulgaria.
420-425AD The White Huns in Transoxiana
The white Huns "Euthalite"
arrive in Transoxiana near the Amu-darya and Sir Darya rivers in Central
Asia.
Their kings are called Kagans and their queen the Katun.
These are the ancestors of the Avar Huns who later enter Europe.
434 The king of the Huns is Ruas (Ruga or Rugulas) dies and his
grandson Atilla becomes king.
441- Pharbi Lazarus.
The Persian king Izdegerd II. organizes a campaign against the Huns, who are
called Kush and for a full two years he battles them without success.
442-444 The Hun war against the Persians under the rule of Jazdagard
I.
448 The White Huns establish an empire in the Oxus River
Basin.
Priscos Rhetor the Greek envoy often calls them the Kidarite Huns.
The Kidara name comes from their leader, which the Hungarian chronicles call
Kadar and derives from the Samanid clan. (Samanid dynasty of
Chwarezmia)
450-451 The Second Hun-Persian War during the
rule of Jazdagard II.
451 Atilla leads his armies to the Rhine and then across central
Germania to Gallia (France). Here the Roman alliance and Hun alliance fight the
famous battle of Catalaun. This battle turns out to be a stalemate and the
spread of the plague also forces both armies to return home. The following year
Attic leads an assault on the Italian peninsula.
453 The death of Atilla and the battles of succession so weaken his
empire that it cannot contain the revolt of the various Germanic
elements.
454 Another White Hun and Persian War under
Jazdagard II.
458-484 Feruz the Persian king asks for military help from the Huns,
who under their leader Fa-ghana (according to Firdusi) or other eastern writers
Khusna-vaz help.
460 The eastern UAR and the western HIUN tribes unite and the Hepthal
becomes their ruling clan. The European UAR and Hunnoi Avar Hun groups are of
this same origin.
461 Avar-Hun Legend
"A great fog arose from the sea scaring people
and this was followed by countless number of vultures descending on the people.
For this reason they had to leave this land and were forced to attack the
Sabirs. Because the Sabirs lost their lands they in turn attacked the Saragur,
Ugor and Onogurs. These in turn asked for an alliance and land from Byzanteum."
This legend is also found in similar form in the old Hungarian Chronicles also
describing the Hungarian migration. The vultures are often explained as the
Turks who defeated and conquered the Avars forcing them to flee. A lot of them
died in these battles and some 200,000 left their lands. In their westward
migration the Avars absorbed many of the smaller fragmented Hunish tribes like
the Utigur and Kutigurs as well as the Ugor nations (Saragur, Onogur, Ugor) and
the Sabir elements. Their main tribes were the Auar [Avar], Chun [Hun], Kotzagir
.
463 Priscos Rhetor, Greek envoy
The Avars attack the Sabirs, these
in turn are forced to attack their neighbors the Sara-Gurs (White Ogurs), then
Ugors and Onogurs who move to the area of the Black Sea. The Ogur term in the
Bulgar and Hunish dialects means tribe/nation. It is from the Onogur name that
the Hungarian name is derived.
463 The Ogur Hun nations cross the Volga River (Saragur, Onogur,
Ugor).
Zakarias Rhetor, church historian
Lists the nations which were
converted to Christianity by the Armenians in the Caucasus. Amongst these are
the Onogurs, Ogurs, Sabir, white Ogurs, Bulgars and White Huns. These came under
the guidance of the bishop of the Dori Goth Metropolis who was also called the
bishop of the "Huns and Onogurs". The references also mention the Onogurs living
at the same time in the Caucasus and the Crimean Peninsula.
463 Zacharias Rhetor: The Onogurs first cross the river Volga in 463.
484 North east Persia. War between the Huns and Persians during the
rule of Sufra.
485 The Avar Huns moves west after growing pressure from Persian and
Turks.
525 Zonaras: Mentions that the Romans, under the rule of Justinius
asked for military help from a nation in the Caucasus Mountains called
Hongre against the Persians.
552 or according to others in 567 the Turks conquer the Central Asian
Avar-Hun empire. The turncoat Avar Hun chief Katalpus may have been one reason
that this Turk-Persian alliance had such a sucess. According to the Byzanteens
the Avars who entered Europe were originally the servants of the original real
Avars living on the periphery of Persia. For this reason they separated these
two nations. [originally the Turks were the servants of the Avar-Huns?] While
they called the European Avars "fake" avars, there is no evidence that they were
not the same people that also lived in Afghanistan and northern India.
The term "fake" Avars have something to do with the fact that the original Avar
or Apar term designated a Scythian and not a Hun people who lived in Central
Asia before the Huns came. The Parthians.
555 Thephilaktos Simokata states that before the Turks came to power in
Asia they first conquered the Hephtalites (white Huns), then the Avars, then the
Ogurs. After their defeat, one portion of the Avars moved to areas north of
China while the Ogur tribes which were also called Uar and Hunnoi went toward
Europe.
Menandros: The language of the Avars is the same as that of the Huns, but they wear long braids with ribbons in it in two braids, a habit which they borrowed from the Turks.
[While the most inner core ruling clans of the Avars are somewhat
mongoloid (Juan-Juan Hun?) the majority were Caucasian, according to Hungarian
archeologists.]
500 Kiev Chronicles. The founders of the city of Kiev according to legends
.. "There were three brothers.., they built this city and died here. We live
here today and pay tribute to their relative nation, the Khazars. The clan of
Kii built Kiev..."
527-528 Johan Malalas & Theophanes Byanteus
Talks of the revolt of
the Huns of the Crimea is found in two versions in the Chronicle of Malalas and
Theophanes. They inform us of the King of the Huns who converted to
Christianity.
558 /Verdansky/ By the beginning of the year 558 the Avars reached
the confines of the North Caucasian area and came into contact with the Alans.
The Alan king, who was in friendly relations with the Byzantine Empire, conveyed
news of the approach of the Avars to the commander of the Byzantine army in
Transcaucasia, Justinus; who, grasping the importance of the news, immediately
sent a messenger to Constantinople. The Byzantine diplomats made a quick
decision to enter into negotiations with the newcomers, with the object of using
them against the Hunno-Bulgars who at this time were pressing hard on
Constantinople.
559/Verdansky/ The Sabiri in the eastern section of the North Caucasian area were the first "Hunnic??"tribe to be attacked. Having crushed the Sabiri, the Avars raided the country of the Utiguri (huns), on the eastern shores of the Sea of Azov in 560. The Kutigur khan (probably Zabergan) became a vassal of the Avars. [ Note the Sabiri were aboriginal to the Caucasus and were only converted by the eastern Huns to be their vassals.]
562 /Verdansky/ The Avars entered Dobruja in 562, where they decided to stay.
Prokopius
The Avar-Huns are white skinned, have an organized
kingship. Their life is not wild/nomadic but live in cities.
[However today because their royal clans were found to have mongoloid
elements all of them are mistaken to be mongoloids.]
According to Prokopiusz the land of the Alans stretched along the Caucasian mountain range eastward to the "Caspian Gates". To the south the neighbors of the Alans were the Sevans, and to the west the Abasgians; however, between the Alans and Abasgians Procopius mentions still another tribe, the brkhians. Since the Abasgians were converted to Christianity in 540, the faith must have begun to spread among the Alans as well, soon after. East of the Alans in Dagestan were the Sabiri .
Ptolemy: The Avars sacrifice horses to their god. They live north of Persia. They are not in contact with the other Hun nations. They are white Huns.
566 Bishop Gregory
Commenting on a raid into Frankish territory in 566
AD, Bishop Gregory writes: "Just as the Frankish army was about to join battle,
the Huns (i.e. the Avar-Huns) who were highly skilled in necromancy, made a
number of phantom figures dance before their eyes and so beat them easily."
568 Theophylaktos Symokata
The avars are composed of two
nations: the Uar and the Hion tribes, they were also joined near the end of the
6th century by the Zabender, Tarnach and Kotzagerek (Hun). During the 7th
century the Bulgars who were also part of their empire revolted. These six
groups were joined around 670 by the Onogurs which were also a member element of
the Hungarians. The Onogurs themselves were composed of three elements
During the Avar age various elements, with strong eastern physical traits settled into the Carpathian Basin, amongst them there were some mongoloid, pamirian, turanid and eastern Mediterranean type[often associated with Iranians ]. /Gyula Laszlo, archeologist/
568-73
The king of the Lombard German tribe asked for the alliance
of the Avars - Huns against the Gepids in Hungary. The Avars defeated the Gepids
and since the Lombards became nervous about the nearness of the powerful Avars
they also left the territory of Hungary to the Avars.
The Avars are called Abaria by some and Aparnai by Strabo. Ptolemaus mentioned that in Hyrcania there is a Abarbina city and in Aria there are Oberes people. They found their other allied peoples, the Ugors and Sabirs, already living in the Caucasus Mountains and the Cumans in Southern Russia before they came west.
581 In 581 a Turkish division which had earlier subjugated the Kutrigur Huns, besieged Cherson but lifted the siege without taking the city and went back to Turkestan to take part in the civil war there. For about 20 years the Turkish state was weakened by internal dissension among the khans. They were able to maintain only the control of eastern North Caucasia. As the result of this the western portion of the Turks seceded from the Turkic Empire.
582 The Chronicle of Michael the Syrian
The coming of the Khazars and
Bulgars was borrowed from the 6 volume church history of the cloister of Peskin
by John the Ephesian. Thirty thousand Scythians were lead for 65 days across the
mountain passes of the Imaon Mtns (northern Iran). They came during winter
because the rivers were frozen. They reached the Tanaisz (volga) river which
flows into the Meotis (Sea of Azov) and into the Pontus (Black Sea). As soon as
they reached the border of the Romans one of them called Bulgarios separated
with 10,000 men from his brothers, crossed the Tanais and the Danube, which also
flows into the Pontus (Black Sea). He sent a message to Marikios, the
(Byzanteen) emperor, and asked to be given land in which to settle. For this
reason he and his people became the vassals of the Byzanteens. The emperor gave
him upper and lower Moesia, and Dacia. The remainder Scythians, the other two
brothers, settled with their people in the land of the Alans which was called
Berzylia, territories whose cities were built originally by the Romans. The
Bulgars and Puguryeh (called Ugor by others) who were originally the city
dwellers of Barzilya, became in time Christians. As soon as this foreign race
occupied the country they began calling themselves Khazars, after the eldest
brother's name. This nation became strong and branched out.
590 Ugors: The Ugors in 590 destroy the city of Aemonia in Friaul.
/Monum. Germanieae Historica, S.R. Longobart et Ital, Hanover,
1878/
600 Sukralla Arab historian about the Magyars
There is constant
war between the Slavs and Magyars. The Magyars always defeat the Slavs and take
prisoners from them which they sell to the Byzanteens. .. The Turkic nations
have the following branches:
Guz (Turkic Uz), Kaji, Kirghiz, Sari, Kimak,
Bedsenak and Madsar (Magyar).
c600 Bulgars 10,000 Bulgar horsemen arrive in Pannonia to the court of Bayan kagan. This was but a small part of the Bulgars which settled along the Danube.
622 Avar Byzanteen War
The Avar-Hun armies attack Byzanteum, but suffer
a devastating defeat. The consequence of this defeat was that several elements
of their empire broke away. The western Slavs revolted in 623 under the
leadership of Samo who created a short lived empire including parts of Austria,
Czech and Moravian lands. Samo 623-662. Their empire was terminated when the
Avars of the Carpathian Basin united with their eastern Avar relations and the
Onogurs. The river Enns again became their western border. The Kutri-gur Huns
also separated from the Avar Empire. The Kutrigur Khan adopted Christianity in
619 during his visit to Byzanteum.
/Verdansky/ The Utigur and Kutrigur (?Bulgar) tribes again joined
forces because they were being hard pressed by the Avars and by the Turks. It
must also be noted that the Utiguri might count on the support of the Onoguri an
Ugrian (Magyar) tribe which had been in friendly relations with them since the
sixth century./Moravchik/ Such was the background of the unification of the
Bulgar and Ugrian tribes in the Pontic and Azov steppes.
632
Nikephorus
The Bulgar Kubrat united the other Hun fragments in the vicinity
of the Azov Sea. In these nations the Onogurs played a dominant role.
626 George Hamortolos
The Byzanteen Empire was attacked
simultaneously by the Avars and Persians. The emperor sought outside allies and
asked the Khazar Khan who accepted the alliance. In 627 he led his army
personally into Iberia in the Caucasus Mtns and besieged the city of Tiflis.
Heraclius on his part set forth for Tiflis from Lazica (western Georgia). The
allies met in the vicinity of Tiflis and Heraclius entertained the kagan at a
sumptuous banquet after which he presented the kagan with his golden dinner
service. The siege continued for two months without results however. Tired of
inactivity the khagan returned home leaving behind a corps of his troops, 40,000
men. It is probable that this corps consisted chiefly of White Ugrians
(Sara-guri), who were Khazar vassals. /George Hamortolos/
The White Ugrians (Hungarians) assisted Heraclius in their war against the Persians./Verdansky/ [ Verdansky generally equates Ugrian and Bulgar and Onogur as one.]
634-635 Kubrat the ruler of the Bulgars revolts against Avar-Hun rule and wins. The remaining Avars in the eastern part of the kingdom and the Onogurs leave and join the Western Avar kingdom leaving the east to the Bulgars.
651-652 Arab troops broke through the pass of Derbent to the north and invaded the north Caucasian area. The Khazars attacked them near Balanjar and administered a serious defeat to the Arab invaders.
In 683 a strong Khazar army invaded Armenia and defeated the Arab troops stationed there.
In 680 the Khazars after a decade of tenacious fighting conquered the Onogurs of the North Caucasus area. Amongst them by tens of thousands were Khwarezmian refugees driven from their homelands by the spreading Muslim Arab conquerors. The southern pressure places many nations in a trap with the only way out leading toward Europe. [ Whole Uygur cities in Central Asia had also been massacred by the Arab conquerors. ] / Viktor Padanyi, "Dentu Magaria"
668-685 The death of Kubrat
The powerful leader of the Bulgars,
Kubrat dies in the time of Constantine IV. The ruler of Great Bulgaria tried in
vain to direct his 5 sons not to separate but keep the nation united.
Unfortunately after their father's death they distributed the nation amongst the
sons. As a consequence they became weak enough for the neighboring Khazars to
take over rule and the eldest son's people were moved the northern Volga-Kama
river region, which became known as "Magna Bulgaria". Next to them another
Onogur sub-branch was also settled which in the 13th century was visited by a
Hungarian monk Julianus, who stated they talked "pure Hungarian" and were easily
understood.
Theophanes
Another Kubrat son, Kuber moved to Pannonia around 670-680,
where in association with another Onogur branch they allied themselves with the
Avar-Huns. These Bulgars and Onogurs lived in the south-eastern part of Pannonia
near the Morava and the Vardar rivers. Their main city was Sirmium, which they
called Onoguria. The Bulgars were settled in the border areas as border guards,
they founded Nandor White Fort (Nandorfehérvar) In a 1366 document it was called
Nandor-albenses.
The third son of Kubrat, Asparuk settles in the lower segment of the Danube founding Bulgaria. This was called by Theophanes in 813 "Palaia Bulgaria y megali", the first and old Bulgaria.
The fifth son of Kubrat settled in Ravena, Italy in 679 in Pentapolis.
In the 670 time frame a new people arrived in the Carpathian Basin and a great change occurred in the earlier Avar-Hun archeological remains. The burial customs changed, the ceremonial belt decorations changed, the techniques of the metalwork changed. /Gyula Laszlo, archeologist/
In 714 the Arab general Muslima seized Derbent in the Caucasus Mtns.
717 The Khazars struck back once more by invading Azerbaidjan.
735-743 Baladhur "Futuh al-Athir"and Ibn Al-Athir Chronicles (from
Egypt).
Refer to these early conquests in the Caucasus Mountains
including the territory of Al-Laks south of the Caucasus. Western Armenia and
Azerbedjan. The chronicle mentions the two rivers Samur and Shabiran [Sabir] ..
separated by a mountain range called Pejbart. From 735 to 743 the Arab Empire's
northern ruler, the Damascus Kaliph appointed the ruling families member called
Marwan to guard the northern Caucasian frontiers and he also leads several
armies against Khazaria north of the Caucasus. The armies of Marwan are held up
by a very determined local resistance in 734-740. Almost daily skirmishes are
fought by the locals mainly of Al-Laks, lead by their local leader Upas
Ibn-Madar which is Opos fia Madjar in modern Hungarian. The Opos clan is a
famous Hungarian clan. [The place name Al-Laks existed in Assyrian times as the
city of the Hurrians known as Ala-Lakh, perhaps this was the same place?]
These Arab references tell of the armies of Marwan who after a long war surrounded the area of Al-Laks (Lak is living space in Hungarian] The remnants of the armies of Opos Magyar then defended themselves in a local fort which Marwan and his forces sieged in 739 AD. When the situation in the fort became untenable Opos and a handful of his followers broke out one night and broke through the ring of attackers and they headed north to the Khazar ruler. These and their northern relatives who lived there before the Khazars. They also took part in the later Khazar -Arab wars of 751. They even continued this war without Khazar support in a vain attempt to free their Sabir homelands. The Khazar forces crossed the Caucasus in three places while the Sabir forces from the Meotis/Azov Sea were with the Western armies of the Khazars which included Onogur elements. This army quickly reached the Caucasus Mt. and Rion River. As they approach the region many of the men of the area allied themselves with the invading army. The old Sabir capital which according to Greek and Roman sources was called Gudea (an ancient Sumir king's name). They approach the fortification of the area on the banks of the river Kur covering an area of over 1,000 Km.
The Arab governor who is Mansur at the time was in great difficulties. He is of the Omayidas house who is a counter Caliph that gained much land and cannot expect much outside support . Mansur looses the key battle and he also falls in battle. The Omayid house selects a successor who is in no better position when the Abbasid house puts pressure on him also. Then he joined the Khazar side with the agreement that he be allowed to stay as governor under Khazar hegemony. This terminates the war on the Khazar side, however the Sabirs continued their fight. The liberated territories then remained again under Sabir rule for a few years. However the local Arab infighting ends with Bagdad becoming dominant. This is followed by new wars to win back "their" previous conquests in the wars of 755-756, during which the Sabirs loose their homelands again. Many more of the locals leave their ancestral lands and head across the Caucasus Mountains to the north to Dentu_Magyaria near the Azov Sea. The estimated amount of people leaving the area by al-Tabari was 50,000 people. /Viktor Padanyi, "Dentu Magyaria"
The Arabs attempt to maintain peaceful relations with the Khazars and even arrange a marriage with a royal Khazar princess in 758. However the wife dies next year in childbirth and soon afterwards the child dies also. The situation is very suspicious to the Khazars and they prepare for war against the Arab neighbors.
In this war the Sabirs fought in independent armies with their own leaders and generals. Their commander in chief was As-Tarkhan. Their approximate numbers were 10,000 men based on their estimated total population. The Khwarezmian refugees also had their own armies in this war.
The Sabir units quickly retook the area of Al-Laks. The Khazar armies with their Khwarezmian auxiliaries crossed the two Caucasian Gates and attacked the Arab areas, where the Kaliph quickly sent 20,000 men to aid the frontiers. They succeeded in reaching the forces of the governor and join his forces but still suffered a defeat from the northern invasion forces. The Arab military situation became so bad that the Kaliph has 7000 men released from prisons to create a new army to help the northern provinces.
The final stages of the war are not documented.. but in many years later the Arabs are again in control and are no attacking Byzanteen territories....
Verdansky/ Both toponymical and archaeological evidence likewise indicates that the Magyars stayed in Southern "Rusia" for a protected period which could be measured by decades or even centuries rather than by years. Had they merely paraded through the Pontic steppes without living there for a number of decades, they would hardly have left so many traces in local names and in the kurgan graves. An example is the buffer state of Lebedia (Hungarian Levente, Levedi) found as a village in Chigirin district of Kiev province; Lebedin in Braslav province (16th century) Lebedin in Kharkov province; Lebedinan in Tambov province; Lybed River discharging into the Dnieper at Kiev; two rivers of the same name in Chernigov and Riazan province. One of the tributaries of the Oka is called Ugra. Such town names ending with Kut are of Magyar origin, meaning Well . Kut Snezhkov of the Valki district, and Krasni Kut of the Bogodukhov district, both of the Kharkov province.
N. Fetich & V.V. Arendt have recently defined some of the antiquities found in certain settlements and grave sites of Kharkov, Tambov and Voronezh provinces as Magyar in origin.
750-850 The Petchegen Turks first appear in the records between 750 and 850 in the Steppes of Central Asia, when a Tibetan manuscript an Uygur emissary reports that they only have about 5,000 warriors. In 870 they are found along the lower legs of the Volga River. At this time they are fairly prosperous in horses, cattle, sheep, gold and silver dishes are all well known. This may have been the reason that the Uz Turks attack them in 893 after they lost much of their possessions. [There are however many references to a Scythian nation called similarly AS-PASIAC living near Chorezm next to the Aral Sea much earlier ] Hungarian "Besenyo"= Turk "Petchegen".. The BESE term means sea hawk, in Hungarian and in Parthian and was their totemic designation.]
795-803 Charlamene and his armies attacks the Avar Empire and even the royal fortresses of the Kagan following internal strife followed by Bulgarian revolt against the Avar Empire, which weakened their defenses. The Onogurs and Bulgars split off the Avar Empire and in 804-814 organize an independent state. Their leader Krum defeated the Byzanteen emperor Nikephorus and beheads him to make a cup from his skull. The son of Krum is Salan and his son Simeon Czar of Bulgaria.
Based on Eginhartus, Vita Caroli Magni, Caput XIII "Since the memory of man there has not been a war (with the Avar Huns), during which the Franks became so much richer, because one could say that before this they were poor.."
In 791 Charlamene returns from his Avar offensive through "Sar-var"(yellow/royal fort in Hungarian). This same Sarvar in 805 is also still in existence. Theodor Avar Khan asks Charlamene for new rights to settle between Sarvar and Heimburg. (J.F. Böhmer, Regestra Chronologico diplomatica, Frankfurt). The Avars at this time were already Christians. Charlamene wrote to his wife: "Pippin killed so many Avars, that no man had ever seen such butchery before. They took the Avar fortifications and robbed it, then spent the night there until the following morning at 9."
799 The Avar Tudun (a high official amongst the Avars) revolts against the forced Christianization of his people, even though he already accepted the faith in 796. As a punishment he and most of his clan is butchered.
811 Charlamain uses one third of all his armies to attack the "spiteful/ hating Slavs and Avars". In this year Kanizanki the Avar ruler, the provincial governor the "tudun" and the leading men of the Slavs living next to the Danube appear in front of the ruler. In 819 the Avars also take part in an uprising of the governor of Lower Pannonia, Lindevik.
In 822 the Avars also send emissaries to the Aixlachapelle parliament, and also in 822 they also appear in the Frankfurt gathering.
The 843 Verdun agreements also mention the Avars. This is the time when
the Frank Empire is divided.
The Salzburg church chancellery documents from
871 states: "The avars still hold their lands which was granted to them by the
emperor."
809 The Khazar king adopted the Jewish faith during the rule of Harun Al Rashid, when from the Muslim lands and later from the Roman Empire large numbers of Jewish immigrants came to live in the Khazar lands. Armanus, the king of the Rum (eastern Romans) just as in the year of the hidsra 332 (934) tried to forcefully convert the Jews . Because of this they fled to the Khazars. After the collapse of the Khazar Empire many of these Jews and their proselytes moved toward the west, to Poland and afterwards to Hungary.
825 Khazar - Arab war in which the Khazars loose.
830 The Khazars build the fort of Sarkel "white fort" against the Magyars (Majgar), with the help of the Greeks. Kamlij is also a Khazar city.
850 Armenian Patriarch John
In the province of Udi, in northern
Armenia south of the river Kur live the Sabirs. The ancestor of this nation is
the son of Ham, Kush, from whom they obtained their name KUS or SEVORDIK, from
their ancestor SYEVA. In Armenian the sjevardik means "dark boys" which in other
tongues is sometimes Ham. The Armenian Agathangelus mentions also that there are
Huns living amongst the peoples of the Caucasus Mtns.
The Hamites are
mistakenly believed to be Africans, since there are many early references to
them in Western Asia and Central Asia.
The seven Magyar rulers of the seven nations, elected the son of Almos, Arpad, to be their chief leader (the Gyula). They lifted him ceremoniously on top of a shield to symbolize that henceforth he will stand above them. Afterwards they mixed their blood in a common chalice and took a blood oath of allegence to his rule. The most important part of this "covenant of blood" was that all future rulers shall be elected from the progeny of Almos. That all that they gain with common strength they shall share equally, and that the princely men and their progeny who elected Arpad to rule above them shall never be left out of the council of their king or the leading offices of the their kingdom.
The Byzanteen Emperor Constantine Purporigenitos wrote:
The people of
the Turks (which is what he called the Magyars) gained their lands near the
Khazars. But at this time they did not call themselves Turks, but
Sabartu-Asfalu. They lived together with the Khazars for three years. They
fought together with the Khazars. The chief of the Khazars, the Khagan, gave a
royal Khazar bride to their first vovoid Lebedi, because of his bravery and
alliance. .... Originally the Petchegens lived near the Volga River, next to the
Magyars (west) and Uzez (east). The leading clan of the Petchegens was called
Kangar, because he was more gallant and more noble than the rest. This is the
meaning of the name Kangar. The tribes of the Petchegens are the follows:
1)Ertem 2)Tzur, 3)Gila, 4)Kulpe, 5)Kharoboe, 6)Thalmat, 7)khoplon,
8)Tzoplon. The nations of the Magyars are the following 1)Khabars 2)Neke
3)Megere 4)Kurtu-Germat 5)Tarjan 6)Kari 7)Kasi. <note the actual leading
tribe is not the first but the center.
860 Luis German? in a document from 860 mentions a mountain by the
name "marcha uengeriorum" and also calls the Avars by the name "Uenger". /Gyula
László, "Kettös Honfoglalás", Budapest)
Another warpath from Slavonia across
Friaul to Lombardia (N. Italy) is also called "strada ungarorum".
867 St Ciryl, Venzia
The Moravian-pannon legend talks of St Ciryl
stating that the Avars have a unique written script just as the Arabs, Armenians
and Goths also have their own. St Ciryl also encounters a Magyar army in
the Crimea around 860.
Nestor Chronicle (Kiev)
First came the white Ugors during the time of
the Avars then came the black Ugors during the time of Oleg.
Ugor
being the Slavic term for Hungarian.
870-920 Djayhani
The most complete description of the Hungarians before
their settlement in Hungary is from Djanhani, a historian from Bukhara. His
original manuscript did not survive. He mentions the Hungarians around 870 under
the Magyar name. Other later historians used his references like Ibn Rusta
(ca930) and Gardizi (ca1050-1053). One of Djayhani's statements is that the
Magyars are a Turkic people .. they have many plowed lands, ... they are of
handsome outer appearance with much noticeable wealth.
In a letter of the Khazar Khagan Joseph mentions those nations who he considered the nearest relations to his own. The letter mentions the Ugors, Avars, Barsils and Onogurs who he ties to the Biblical ancestor Togarma, because the common Hungarian - Uz - Khazar etc mythology of the ruling family being derived from the mythical hawk of God called Hungarian Turul .. (Turkic Togrul).. from this one can see the correspondence with Togar-ma.
880 The Legend of Methodus
"After arriving to the area of the
Danube, a Magyar king wished to see him (the priest). Although some of his
followers warned him that he will not survive the encounter without pain and
torture, he went to visit him anyway. The king however treated him with respect
and reverence, and ceremonial joy like befitting a head priest. The Hungarian
leader talked with him like befitting such a splendid person, he released him
with the following words: father I beseech you to remember me in your saintly
prayers."
888 "Conversio Baguariorum et Carantanorum"(Monumenta Germania Historica,
XI. Band, 12)
During the rule of Charlamenes descendant there already is a
bishop called Hungarus mentioned in a document from 888. /Götz, "Keleten Kél a
Nap", Vienna.
887-901 The Yearbooks of Fulda 680-901 [German]
Includes the
Magyar events of 887-901, including the statement "The Avars who we call
Magyars".
Similarly the History of the Saxons, by Windukin (925-1004) states
"We now call the Avars Magyars."
This of course shows a great lack
of precision when dealing with the eastern horsemen and lumping them together.
886-912 Leo the Wise, Emperor of Byzantium writes in his book on
Tactics
He writes of the tactics of the many known neighboring nations. He
calls the Magyars Türk and writes: "The makeup of the Magyar armies is similar
to the other Scythian nations.. The shoot their arrows from horseback while
turning backwards on their mounts. [also called the Parthian shot] "
896 Hamburg Codex
Pothius Byzanteen Patriarch mentioned that Almos the
leader of the Magyars was of the religious of Mani, that is Arian. During the
time of bishop Izrael they adopted the Christian religion (this was well before
the resettlement). However the patriarch is still annoyed by the fact that there
are Magian priests also amongst them (Garabonc=Karapan). Izrael also became the
first bishop to work in Khazaria.
899 Transdanubia is finally occupied by the Magyars, which was followed by attacks against Bavaria in 900 AD against Regensburg. /Chronicle of Fulda. "The Magyars returned to Pannonia and the Bavarians built up their fortifications in Ennsburg against them. This year the Magyars also attacked the Italian Peninsula, where after they turned back from Adda they defeated Berengar the prince of the Friul at the river Brenta. Afterwards their armies split into two parts: one of them marched against Venice, the other army scouted all the way up to the Swiss Alps."
903 Lazus, A 15th century Austrian wrote [long after the fact??] that based on a document from 1,000 AD "The Hun-Avars turned away from their Christian faith and adopted the Magyar Pagan belief." A rather unlikely fact since the documents of the time claimed the Magyars to be Christian also, with other monotheistic religions also represented like Manichean, Muslims and Magians. This probably means that they renounced German domination of their religious hierarchy.
904 The death of Kursan (or Kushan) the theocratic Magyar ruler. [more religious than actual rule] The Germans invited Kursan, who lived in the fort of Buda, to a banquet and then murdered him. This probably had a lot to do with the many years of wars against the German Empire which followed.
906 Summer. The Slav tribes near the river Emba called the Magyars to help them against their struggles against the Germans.
907 Pannonia. Prince Luitpold of Bavaria with many of his bishops suffered such a serious defeat at the hands of the Magyars that the Franks had to give up any thought of ruling Pannonia. Those that remained alive were chased and ran back. The German king Luis wanted revenge against the Magyars who also defeated his armies near Pozsony. Afterwards the Magyars crisscrossed most of Germany and returned home with a huge booty. Árpád the Magyar ruler died in the year of the battle of Pozsony.
908 The Magyar armies break into Turingia and also burn Bremen.
910 The united Bavarian, Frank and Alleman armies are also defeated by the Magyars who afterwards send raids as far west as Rhine River.
912 Arnulf the Bavarian prince was able to defeat one Hungarian raiding party near the Inns. This defeat was made possible by the fact that the German princess often utilized various Magyar war parties in their own services.
916 Arnulf asked for the aid of the Magyar army against the German king Arnulf. At this time the Magyar and ally Germans looted Saxony reaching as far as Bazel, and Alsance and Lotargia.
917 Konrad attacked the Bavarian Arnulf, who asked for asylum amongst the Magyars. Again Magyar armies helped him recover his princedom. In the following years the Magyar raids were directed predominantly against Italy because it appears that they were able to get a peace treaty to their liking with the Bavarians.
913-959 Constantine Purporigenitos, In his work "Ruling of the Empire" he
calls Hungarians Turks
"The 3 tribes of the Kabars settled with the Turks in
the (now) land of the Petchegens."
921-922 Ibn Fadlan
The language of the Khazars does not
resemble the language of the Turks or the Persians. The capital city of the
Khazars, is Itil (after 750AD). The city is located on both banks of the river.
Their king's name is "Jelek" [Magyar Gyula] and "Bak" [Magyar Bek, Turkic BEG].
The majority of the Khazar customs are in contradiction with the Muslim, Jewish
and Christian customs. Some claim that the Khazars are from the Jadsuds
(Jasz=Alans) and the Madsuds (Magyars) [because they lived in their lands
earlier]. The western shores of the Caspian were earlier Sabir areas while west
of them were the Alans.
921-922 Ibn Fadlan
The language of the Khazars is not like the
Turks or the Persians. They call the capital of the Khazars Itil (after 750).
The capital city is located on both sides of the river. Their king's name is
"Jelek" [Hungarian Gyula], and "Bak". The customs of the Khazars is on whole is
unlike the Muslims, Jews or Christian customs. Some claim that the Khazars are
from the Jadsusds (Yas=Allans) and the Madsuds (Magyars) [Since they were in
this area before the Khazars came. The earlier homeland of the Khazars was the
eastern shores of the Caspian Sea while the western shores were Sabir
lands.]
921 The raiding Magyar armies went as far as Verona in Italy, when Berengar asked for their aid against his own lords. The lords were defeated. In 922 they again attacked Apulia.
923AD
924 In alliance with Berengar the Magyar armies invaded Italy again. They conquered the city of Padua, they entered Switzerland, Southern France and from there Lombardy before returning home. They also attacked Germany. While their armies were raiding Thuringia they captured the German king, Henry the fowler. Afterwards they forced a peace treaty for 9 years and also a yearly tribute from the Germans.
926 In alliance with Hugo the baron of Province they broke into Lombardy against Rudolf. and to Tuscia and regions of Rome. Another army was in Southern Germany (Saint Gallen) then Alsance and Lothargia. The 9 year treaty with the Magyars was used by Henrik to build up his own armies and introduce many eastern improvements to counter the Magyar military superiority, then to defy the payment of further tribute.
Hudud-Al Alam Persian Manuscript "Regions of the World" 372BC-982AD
period
The country of the Sarir (Avars or Sabirs), which on the west was
bounded by Byzantium, was in the south coterminous with the Muslim possessions
in the Caucasus, i.e. with Darband and southern Dagestan, and not with Armenia,
as our author takes it. To the north and west of the Sarir lived the Alans whose
land ..
933 A large Magyar army broke into Saxony and Thuringia, at the request of local rulers. They were defeated by the German cavalry at Sonderhausen and Merseburg on March 15th. This was the first major defeat of a Magyar military expedition, and was apparently an unexpected trap. In the next year Magyar armies were raiding Byzanteum as far as Constantinople. Then the following year they were raiding in Southern France.
995-972 the rule of Takson
958 The Magyars attack Constantinople, but suffer a defeat. They continue to attack Macedonia with mixed success.
972-997 The rule of Geza. During his reign many western knights also come to settle in Hungary.
973 Geza sends emissaries to Quedlinburg to ask for Christian missionaries from Otto I. Due to this request the Passau bishop Pilgrim visits Hungary many times. The second marriage of Geza with Adelhaid, Polish princess. In 974 Otto dies and II Otto is aided by Geza against Henrik II, prince of Bavaria.
977 Many German priests who helped create a strong resentment amongst the Hungarians left the country fearing persecution. In the following year the Magyars broke into the German Empire from their fort at Melk. In 984 the German Baron Lipot occupied Melk to prevent further raids and pushed back the borders with Hungary to the mountain of Szarhegy.
994 Bishop Adalbert continued the missionary work of Pilgrim. It was at this time that the son of Geza, VAJK was baptized. He became our king St Stephen.
997 the death of Géza. ("Gay-za")